Sui (SUI) sustainability report

Sui is present on the following networks: Sui.

The Sui blockchain network employs a sophisticated Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanism, specifically optimized for achieving high transaction throughput and minimal latency. At its core is the Mysten Consensus Protocol, an advanced evolution of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT). A distinguishing feature of Sui’s design is its leaderless architecture, which deviates from traditional BFT models that often rely on a single leader to propose blocks. Instead, multiple validators can simultaneously propose blocks, thereby significantly enhancing network efficiency and mitigating risks associated with potential leader failures or targeted attacks. This parallel processing capability is crucial, allowing transactions to be executed concurrently across various cores and threads. This design choice maximizes the network's processing capacity, leading to faster transaction confirmations and superior scalability compared to systems with sequential processing.

Transaction validation on Sui is handled by validators who receive requests directly from clients. Each transaction undergoes rigorous checks, including digital signature verification and adherence to network rules. Crucially, validators can process these transactions in parallel, a contrast to many other blockchain networks that enforce a strict, leader-driven sequence. The network further benefits from an optimistic execution approach, where non-contentious and independent transactions can be processed without requiring full consensus upfront. This "optimistic consensus" significantly reduces transaction latency for many common use cases, enabling near-instant finality in most scenarios. For a transaction to achieve finality, the Sui system mandates only three rounds of communication among validators. This streamlined communication protocol contributes directly to the network's low-latency consensus and rapid transaction confirmation times, ensuring both scalability and robust security. The system is also designed with strong fault tolerance, capable of maintaining the integrity of its consensus process even if up to one-third of its validators are faulty or behave maliciously. This robust BFT implementation underpins Sui’s capacity for efficient and secure operations.

Sui is present on the following networks: Sui.

The Sui blockchain network employs a comprehensive set of security and economic incentive mechanisms designed to ensure robust participation and network integrity. Central to these incentives are the validators, who play a critical role in the consensus process. Validators are required to stake SUI tokens as collateral to participate in transaction validation and network security. In return for their honest efforts, they are compensated with rewards. To uphold network security and promote honest behavior, Sui incorporates a "slashing" mechanism. This means validators can face penalties, including the forfeiture or "slashing" of a portion of their staked SUI tokens, if they engage in malicious activities such as double-signing transactions or failing to perform their validation duties correctly. This economic disincentive acts as a powerful deterrent against misconduct.

Beyond active validators, the Sui network encourages broader community participation through a delegation system. SUI token holders who may not have the technical capacity or desire to run a validator node themselves can delegate their tokens to trusted validators. In exchange for their delegated stake, these token holders receive a share of the rewards earned by the validators, fostering widespread involvement in securing the network.

Regarding the financial aspects of network operation, users on the Sui blockchain incur transaction fees for the processing and confirmation of their activities. These fees are paid to the validators, compensating them for the computational resources expended. All transaction fees are denominated in SUI tokens, which serves as the native cryptocurrency for the Sui blockchain. The network also implements a dynamic fee model, meaning that transaction costs are not fixed but adjust according to prevailing network demand and the intrinsic complexity of the transaction being processed. This adaptive fee structure aims to efficiently manage network congestion and resource allocation, ensuring that costs remain responsive to actual usage and demand.

Sui is present on the following networks: Sui.

The energy consumption of the Sui blockchain network is determined through a meticulous "bottom-up" methodological approach, which aggregates data across various operational components. This method considers the nodes as the primary contributors to the network's overall energy footprint. The underlying assumptions for these calculations are derived from empirical findings, gathered through the utilization of public information sites, proprietary in-house crawlers, and open-source crawlers. These tools collectively aid in collecting comprehensive data on the network's infrastructure and activity.

A critical aspect of estimating hardware usage within the network involves analyzing the specific requirements for running the client software. This forms the basis for inferring the types and quantities of hardware devices deployed across the network. The energy consumption of these identified hardware devices is then accurately measured in certified test laboratories, ensuring precision in the energy assessments. For a holistic calculation of energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is employed, where available, to identify all relevant implementations of the crypto-asset within scope. These mappings are regularly updated, leveraging data provided by the Digital Token Identifier Foundation, to maintain accuracy and completeness.

Furthermore, the information regarding the specific hardware utilized and the total number of participants in the network relies on assumptions. These assumptions are meticulously verified with best effort, drawing upon empirical data to ensure their robustness. Participants within the ecosystem are generally presumed to act with economic rationality. In adherence to a precautionary principle, whenever there is uncertainty, estimates for potential adverse impacts, such as higher energy consumption figures, are made conservatively. This approach ensures that the reported energy consumption reflects a cautious and robust assessment of the network's environmental impact. To attribute energy consumption to a specific token on the network, the overall energy consumption of the entire Sui network is first calculated, and then a fraction of this total is assigned to the token based on its activity within that network.

Sui is present on the following networks: Sui.

The methodology for determining the proportion of renewable energy utilized by the Sui blockchain network involves a detailed process focused on identifying the geographical distribution of its operational nodes. This identification is achieved through a combination of public information sources, custom-developed in-house crawlers, and various open-source data collection tools. In instances where specific geographic information about the nodes is not readily available, the methodology pivots to referencing comparable blockchain networks. These reference networks are carefully selected based on similarities in their incentivization structures and consensus mechanisms, providing a proxy for estimating the node locations when direct data is absent.

Once the geo-information regarding node locations is established, it is then meticulously integrated with publicly available data sourced from "Our World in Data". This integration allows for a comprehensive assessment of the energy mix supporting the network's operations. The energy intensity, which measures the environmental impact per unit of activity, is computed as the marginal energy cost associated with processing one additional transaction on the network. This metric provides insight into the incremental energy footprint of network operations. The data utilized for these calculations is derived from authoritative sources, including Ember (2025) and the Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy (2024), with further processing by Our World in Data. Specifically, the dataset titled "Share of electricity generated by renewables - Ember and Energy Institute" is retrieved from [Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-ren ewables). This systematic approach ensures that the renewable energy assessment is grounded in verifiable data and rigorous analytical methods, reflecting a commitment to transparent reporting of the network's energy profile.

Sui is present on the following networks: Sui.

The methodology for quantifying Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions attributable to the Sui blockchain network is systematically designed, beginning with the precise determination of the physical locations of the network's operational nodes. This critical geographic data is gathered through a combination of publicly accessible information sites, internally developed crawlers, and various open-source data collection mechanisms. Should direct information on the geographical distribution of these nodes prove unavailable, the assessment relies on data from reference networks. These alternative networks are chosen for their structural similarities, particularly concerning their incentivization mechanisms and consensus protocols, allowing for a reasonable estimation of node locations.

Following the acquisition of node location data, this geo-information is subsequently integrated with relevant public data from "Our World in Data". This merging of datasets facilitates a robust calculation of the network's GHG emissions. A key metric in this assessment is the GHG intensity, which is defined as the marginal emission produced per additional transaction processed on the network. This provides a granular understanding of the environmental impact of each unit of network activity. The foundational data for these emissions calculations is sourced from reputable entities such as Ember (2025) and the Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024), with further analytical processing undertaken by Our World in Data. Specifically, the dataset employed for this purpose is "Carbon intensity of electricity generation - Ember and Energy Institute", which can be accessed via Our World in Data. This dataset is made available under a CC BY 4.0 license. This comprehensive methodology ensures a transparent and empirically-backed evaluation of the Sui network’s carbon footprint.